Washington, DC—George Washington University Law School and the International Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies (A Division of the Zoryan Institute) collaborated in organizing an international conference entitled, “State Oppression, Violence against Minorities, and the Possibilities for Remedial Secession and Independence” on April 7 and 8, 2015.
Roger W. Smith, Chair of the Institute, in his submitted opening remarks said:
Today, we read headlines from all over the world regarding struggles for self-determination, gross human rights violations and the ensuing violence. We ask ourselves why such violence takes place with such intensity and impunity. In some cases, we see this violence has reached such catastrophic magnitudes that it threatens world peace and order. The sometimes irreconcilability of the principles of self-determination and territorial integrity have led to a complex web of challenges for the international community in places such as Kosovo, Bosnia, Transnistria, autonomous regions of the former Soviet Union, etc.
Headlines, such as “The current crisis in Ukraine threatens global security and at worst has the potential for nuclear catastrophe” point to the dangers related to the denial of human rights, the demands for self-determination and the assertion for territorial integrity.
Held over two days in Washington DC, speakers included nearly 20 renowned scholars, international lawyers and human rights activists. Susan L. Karamanian, GW Law’s Associate Dean for International and Comparative Legal Studies and Burnett Family Professorial Lecturer in International and Comparative Law and Policy, was instrumental in bringing together specialists for an in-depth discussion and analysis.
Professor Karamanian remarked:
The conference examined the tension between the concept of remedial secession and well-established international legal principles, such as sovereignty and territorial integrity. One theme that seemed to permeate most of the sessions is that engagement with international institutions and key political actors can be instrumental to the protection of the rights of minorities, although such engagement may not be mandated by international law.
The keynote Susan N. and Augustus DiZeriga Lecture was delivered by Professor Dapo Akande of the University of Oxford, who addressed the question whether the use of force is allowed by international law in support of self-determination movements.
The first panel examined the contradiction between the principles of self-determination and territorial integrity. Two others presented case studies on Somaliland, Kosovo, South Sudan, Ukraine, East Timor, Biafra-Katanga and the Caucasus. The final panel revisited the contradiction between the principles of self-determination and territorial integrity, drawing lessons for the future.
The movements included in the case studies were categorized as successful, failed or contested. The focus was not on cases where there is a mutually recognized constitutional mechanism to resolve the dispute, such as Catalonia, Quebec or Scotland. Rather, the participants focused on cases within states where democratic institutions are insufficient to protect basic human rights, where the government uses violence to suppress demands for those rights, and where the entities opting for self-determination have already achieved a level of self-governance that legitimizes expectations of legal remedies.
Despite the evolution of the concept of self-determination from the time of Woodrow Wilson to the post-colonial period, and after the collapse of the USSR, when a new group of independent states were recognized, and self-determination movements emerged, the international community was not equipped to provide remedies, thus allowing massive human rights violations.
Given the complexities of the issues, laws and precedents, there was no consensus among the participants as to whether sovereignty or self-determination holds primacy. Yet, there was general understanding of the need to engage in discussions – by policy makers, scholars and activists – which, while benefitting from some three dozen successful self-determination cases, can lead to the creation of a legal framework that establishes a new paradigm compatible with post-Cold War political realities, and offers legal remedy to the rights and aspirations of millions of people.
Greg Sarkissian, President of the Zoryan Institute said, “This complex issue holds clear implications for the conflict over Karabagh, and others in the Caucasus, and it is important to continue to present and explore those realities in international legal and scholarly circles. These topics should also be explored by parties in the conflict as a way to avoid further human rights abuses.”
It is planned to publish the conference proceedings.
The Zoryan Institute and its subsidiary, the International Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies, is the first non-profit, international center devoted to the research and documentation of contemporary issues with a focus on Genocide, Diaspora and Armenia.
International Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies